论读书

vivaJoJo

　读书足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以长才。<br />其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；<br />其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；<br />其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。<br /><br />    　　练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节，然纵观统筹，全局策划，则舍好学深思者莫属。读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。<br /><br />    　　读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接，而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而无当。<br /><br />    　　有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者羡读书，唯明智之士用读书，然书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之。<br /><br />    　　读书时不可存心诘难读者，不可尽信书上所言，亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思。<br /><br />    　　书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只需读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读，取其所作摘要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者，否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏，淡而无味。<br /><br />    　　读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。因此不常做笔记者须记忆力特强，不常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。<br /><br />    　　读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩；凡有所学，皆成性格。<br /><br />     　　人之才智但有滞碍，无不可读适当之书使之顺畅，一如身体百病，皆可借相宜之运动除之。滚球利睾肾，射箭利胸肺，慢步利肠胃，骑术利头脑，诸如此类。如智力不集中，可令读数学，盖演题需全神贯注，稍有分散即须重演；如不能辩异，可令读经院哲学，盖是辈皆吹毛求疵之人；如不善求同，不善以一物阐证另一物，可令读律师之案卷。如此头脑中凡有缺陷，皆有特效可医。

vivaJoJo

<span style='color:green'>OF STUDIES<br /></span><br /><br /><u>Francis Bacon</u><br /><br /><br />Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.　Their chief use<br />for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse;<br />and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business.<br /><br />For expert and execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but<br />the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best<br />form those that are learned.　To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to<br />use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgement wholly by<br />their rules, is the humour of a scholar.<br /><br />They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities<br />are like natural plants, that need proyning by study; and studies themselves<br />do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by<br />experience.<br /><br />Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them;<br />for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and<br />above them, won by observation.<br /><br />Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor<br />to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider.<br /><br />Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be<br />chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts;<br />others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and<br />with diligence and attention.　Some books also may be read by deputy, and<br />extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less<br />important arguments, and the meaner sort of books; else distilled books are,<br />like common distilled waters, flashy things.<br /><br />Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.<br />And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he<br />confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had<br />need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not.<br /><br />Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtile; natural<br />philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.　Abeunt<br />studia in morse.<br /><br />Nay there is no stand or impediment in the wit, but may be wrought out by<br />fit studies: like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises.<br />Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast;<br />gentle walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like.　So if a<br />man&#39;s wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in<br />demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin<br />again.　If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him<br />study the schoolmen; for they are cymini sectores.　If he be not apt to beat<br />over matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let<br />him study the lawyers&#39; cases.　So every defect of the mind may have a<br />special receipt.<br />