英语语法一起学

quantum · 发表于 6.5.2003 11:25:20

CAPITALIZATIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS Titles (a) Nearly all formal titles are capitalized before the name, lowercased after the name. Example: I voted for Mayor Darwin Hindman. I prefer Councilwoman Colleen Coble. (<img src='https://www.kaiyuan.info/bbs/html/emoticons/cool.gif' border='0' style='vertical-align:middle' alt='cool.gif'> Few titles are abbreviated (e.g., don't abbreviate detective, prosecuting attorney and president.) Titles that ARE abbeviated (e.g. such as Gov., Sen., Rev., Dr.) are abbreviated when they come BEFORE the name. Example: Dr. Jack Kevorkian assisted in the suicide. Gov. Mel Carnahan opposed the bill. © When the title comes AFTER the name, spell out the title, and do not abbreviate it or capitalize it. Example:

olice arrested Jack Kevorkian, the doctor. The bill was vetoed by Mel Carnahan, the governor. <img src='https://www.kaiyuan.info/bbs/html/emoticons/martini_shaken.gif' border='0' style='vertical-align:middle' alt='martini_shaken.gif'> When the title stands alone, with no name, spell out the title and DO NOT capitalize it. Example: I voted for the governor. I trust the councilwoman. <img src='https://www.kaiyuan.info/bbs/html/emoticons/envelope.gif' border='0' style='vertical-align:middle' alt='envelope.gif'> An EXCEPTION: When a title is used before a name, but there is punctuation (such as a comma) between the title and the name, do not capitalize the title. Example: I listened to the prosecuting attorney, Kevin Crane. <img src='https://www.kaiyuan.info/bbs/html/emoticons/rose.gif' border='0' style='vertical-align:middle' alt='rose.gif'> Long titles go best AFTER the name: Example (not good)Deputy Undersecretary for Consumer Affairs Maureen Maxwell gave a talk on managing your budget. GOES MUCH BETTER AS: (good)Maureen Maxwell, deputy undersecretary for consumer affairs, gave a talk on managing your budget. (g) On legislators _ senators, representatives, etc. _ set off their party affiliation and state (or area) with commas, NOT parentheses. Do not put a period after the party affiliation: Example: Rep. Kenny Hulshof, R-Mo., said .... State Sen. Ken Jacob, D-Columbia, introduced ...

quantum · 发表于 6.5.2003 11:25:48

Streets and Addresses (a) Abbreviate only with an exact, numbered address. Example: 901 Tenth St. BUT: The gym is on Tenth Street. (<img src='https://www.kaiyuan.info/bbs/html/emoticons/cool.gif' border='0' style='vertical-align:middle' alt='cool.gif'> On exact addresses, if they take a direction at the beginning or end, abbreviate it: Example: 555 N. Garth Ave. 333 W. Broadway © A the END of the exact address, after the street name, always CAPITALIZE the Road, Street, Terrace, Avenue, etc. BUT ABBREVIATE that last word only in three cases: Blvd. Ave. St. (This can be remembered as BAS, which is part of a word.) Example: 999 Stadium Blvd. 767 Milestone Ave. 545 Hitt St. ALL THE REST _ Road, Drive, Court, Lane, etc. _ are SPELLED OUT and CAPITALIZED: Example: 4444 Providence Road 334 Smiley Lane

quantum · 发表于 6.5.2003 11:26:07

Dates When months are used with specific dates, such as in obituaries, abbreviate and capitalize the month. Put commas after the day of the week, the month and the year. Example: Joe Anders died Monday, Jan. 6, 1997, of cancer. With no specific date, spell out the month. When you have the month and the year, do not use a comma between them: Example: February is chilly. She received her last letter from him in December 1994. EXCEPTION: The "shorter" five months of spring and summer are not abbreviated: March, April, May, June, July. MEMORY TIP: 5 months, and 5 letters or fewer in each.

quantum · 发表于 6.5.2003 11:26:25

Miscellaneous Capitalizations (a) Capitalize River or Dam as part of a proper name: Example: Missouri River Bagnell Dam BUT, in plurals, do NOT capitalize the river or dam: Missouri and Mississippi rivers (That same lower-case for plurals applies to counties, streets, etc.) First and 12th streets Boone and Callaway counties (<img src='https://www.kaiyuan.info/bbs/html/emoticons/cool.gif' border='0' style='vertical-align:middle' alt='cool.gif'> Capitalize the specific region: Midwest, East, West Coast, South, etc. But NOT compass directions: They were headed east on Interstate 70. © Capitalize: Congress, Senate, House, General Assembly and government agencies, including City Council and County Commission. (Later references are lowercase, i.e. council, commission.) Capitalize Party in Republican Party, Democratic Party. <img src='https://www.kaiyuan.info/bbs/html/emoticons/martini_shaken.gif' border='0' style='vertical-align:middle' alt='martini_shaken.gif'> Capitalize: Branches of the U.S. (not foreign) military -- Army, Navy, Marines, etc. --

quantum · 发表于 6.5.2003 11:27:52

Miscellaneous Abbreviations (a) Spell out governmental agencies, preferably on first reference, then abbreviate if they are familiar: Example: Federal Communications Commission. Then FCC (no periods). FBI and CIA can stand alone anytime. But try to avoid too much alphabet soup. (<img src='https://www.kaiyuan.info/bbs/html/emoticons/cool.gif' border='0' style='vertical-align:middle' alt='cool.gif'> As a noun, United States is spelled out. As an adjective, it can be U.S., as in U.S. spending (with periods, and closed together.) The same is true for U.N., which also takes periods. © SPELL OUT the names of all of the states when they stand alone. Example: She parachuted into Colorado. BUT abbreviate most state names when they are used with a city: Example: She parachuted into Pueblo, Colo. NOTE: There are eight states that are not abbreviated: The two that are disconnected (Alaska and Hawaii) and the six with short names _ five letters or fewer: Idaho, Iowa, Maine, Ohio, Texas and Utah.

.S. _ Do not use the post office's two-letter abbreviations, especially with addresses for memorials in obituaries. <img src='https://www.kaiyuan.info/bbs/html/emoticons/envelope.gif' border='0' style='vertical-align:middle' alt='envelope.gif'> No periods are used with mph, as in 35 mph, nor with mm, as in 35mm. (Note that the 35mm is all run together.) <img src='https://www.kaiyuan.info/bbs/html/emoticons/rose.gif' border='0' style='vertical-align:middle' alt='rose.gif'> NEVER abbreviate Association, especially as in Assn., for obvious reasons and NEVER abbreviate Department. But, abbreviate Co., and Corp. (at the end of a company's name) and Inc. Incidentally, NO comma before the Inc. In most cases the Inc. is unnecessary, but use it when it is an important part of the name, such as Time Inc.

quantum · 发表于 6.5.2003 11:28:37

NUMBERS (1) In general, SPELL OUT one through nine, use figures for 10 above. EXCEPTIONS: Always use figures for these: Age: John, 7, ran away. John is 7 years old. The 9-year-old ran away, too. Dimensions: 6 inches by 9 inches 6-foot-5 player He is 6 feet 5.

ercentages: 4 percent (NOTE that percent is ONE word.) 1 percent to 5 percent (USE the word "percent" every time.) Time: 6 p.m. (NOT 6:00 p.m., and p.m. is closed up and lowercased.) 8 tonight (p.m. would be redundant) Street numbers: 9 Quinton Court Day of the month: Jan. 9, 1997 (not 9th)

LEASE _ never start a sentence with a raw figure. WRONG: 70 runners straggled in. RIGHT: Seventy runners straggled in. some style books allow you to start a sentence with a year: 1996 was a watershed. But it's best to avoid even this.

quantum · 发表于 6.5.2003 11:29:31

Money (a) Use the dollar sign ... $ $ $ $ $10 $1,000 $90,000 (not $90 thousand) (<img src='https://www.kaiyuan.info/bbs/html/emoticons/cool.gif' border='0' style='vertical-align:middle' alt='cool.gif'> Use exact figures up to $1 million. On figures more than $1 million, use: $ 1 million $2.7 million $6.28 billion © Round off, unless an exact figure is required. $9,853,159 can usually become $9.85 million on first reference. <img src='https://www.kaiyuan.info/bbs/html/emoticons/martini_shaken.gif' border='0' style='vertical-align:middle' alt='martini_shaken.gif'> With ranges of amounts, don't say: WRONG: $8 to $10 million RIGHT: $8 million to $10 million TIP: Because you already have the word dollar "built into" the dollar sign, don't repeat the word "dollars." WRONG: $2.3 million dollars RIGHT: $2.3 million

quantum · 发表于 6.5.2003 11:30:01

MISCELLANEOUS USAGE (1) Robbery vs. burglary. They are NOT the same, despite the Associate

ress's overboad definition. Robbery means taking by force or threat of force. Burglary is usually for entry, for theft. (2) Bus vs. buss. With two ss's, it's kissing. (3) Compound modifiers are hyphenated when their meaning would be unclear without the hyphen: The health-care reform proposal ... BUT, do NOT hyphenate the modifiers that end in"ly": The highly motivated student ... (4) When using quotes, the comma and the period go INSIDE the closed quote: "Chauncy is too insipid," he said. (5) Nicknames are enclosed in quotes, NOT parentheses: WRONG: Rick (Nature Boy) Flair RIGHT: Rick "Nature Boy" Flair <img src='https://www.kaiyuan.info/bbs/html/emoticons/devil_smile.gif' border='0' style='vertical-align:middle' alt='devil_smile.gif'> Put quotes around the titles of movies, plays, books (but not the Bible or reference works), operas, songs, TV programs, speeches and works of art. But NOT around the names of newspapers or magazines. (7) When using two initials instead of a first name, run the two together: B.J. Thomas <img src='https://www.kaiyuan.info/bbs/html/emoticons/musical_note.gif' border='0' style='vertical-align:middle' alt='musical_note.gif'> On Judges. In most cases the word "court" can be dropped to save a word: Circuit Judge Frank Conley BUT, don't drop the word when the meaning can be misconstrued: Juvenile Court Judge Kim Song Jr., NOT Juvenile Judge Kim Song Jr. NOTE: There is NO comma between Song and Jr. Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas, NOT Supreme Justice Clarence Thomas (9) Murder is a legal term. Use it only when referring to charges to avoid the implication of guilt. Otherwise, use slaying, killing or homicide. (10) When referring to a city, as in: the city of Columbia, note that the word "city" is lowercased. (11) Do not say "about" for exact figures: WRONG: There were about 2,159 jellybeans in the jar. WRONG: The burglary occurred about 3:54 p.m. DO NOT use "at about" when referring to time. Whenever it's an estimate, it's "about" and rounded off. Whenever it's an exact time, use "at." It happened about 6 a.m. The concert stated at 9:05 p.m. (12) If you use percentages (as in polls, etc.), ensure they add up to 100 percent. (13) A hike is a walk. A pay raise is not a pay hike. It can be a pay increase, a pay boost, a pay raise, or just a raise. (14) Professor is never abbreviated. Ensure that the rank is correct, i.e. professor, assistant professor, associate professor: WRONG: Prof. George Kennedy RIGHT: Professor George Kennedy

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